Guided Reading Activity 19-2 Reaction and Revolution
The Industrial Revolution marked a period of development in the latter half of the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrestal societies in Europe and America into industrialized, urban ones.
Appurtenances that had once been painstakingly crafted by mitt started to be produced in mass quantities by machines in factories, thanks to the introduction of new machines and techniques in textiles, iron making and other industries.
Fueled by the game-irresolute use of steam power, the Industrial Revolution began in Great britain and spread to the remainder of the globe, including the Usa, by the 1830s and '40s. Modern historians often refer to this flow equally the First Industrial Revolution, to set it apart from a 2nd period of industrialization that took place from the late 19th to early 20th centuries and saw rapid advances in the steel, electrical and motorcar industries.
England: Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution
Thanks in office to its clammy climate, ideal for raising sheep, Britain had a long history of producing textiles like wool, linen and cotton. Merely prior to the Industrial Revolution, the British material business was a true "cottage industry," with the piece of work performed in modest workshops or fifty-fifty homes by private spinners, weavers and dyers.
Starting in the mid-18th century, innovations like the flight shuttle, the spinning jenny, the h2o frame and the power loom made weaving cloth and spinning yarn and thread much easier. Producing cloth became faster and required less fourth dimension and far less human being labor.
More efficient, mechanized production meant Britain's new fabric factories could meet the growing need for cloth both at dwelling and abroad, where the nation's many overseas colonies provided a captive market for its goods. In add-on to textiles, the British iron manufacture as well adopted new innovations.
Primary among the new techniques was the smelting of iron ore with coke (a material fabricated by heating coal) instead of the traditional charcoal. This method was both cheaper and produced higher-quality cloth, enabling U.k.'south iron and steel product to aggrandize in response to need created by the Napoleonic Wars (1803-fifteen) and the later growth of the railroad industry.
Impact of Steam Power
An icon of the Industrial Revolution broke onto the scene in the early 1700s, when Thomas Newcomen designed the prototype for the get-go modern steam engine. Called the "atmospheric steam engine," Newcomen's invention was originally applied to power the machines used to pump water out of mine shafts.
In the 1760s, Scottish engineer James Watt began tinkering with one of Newcomen'south models, calculation a separate water condenser that made it far more than efficient. Watt later collaborated with Matthew Boulton to invent a steam engine with a rotary motion, a key innovation that would allow steam power to spread across British industries, including flour, paper, and cotton wool mills, fe works, distilleries, waterworks and canals.
Merely as steam engines needed coal, steam ability allowed miners to go deeper and extract more than of this relatively cheap free energy source. The demand for coal skyrocketed throughout the Industrial Revolution and beyond, as it would be needed to run not simply the factories used to produce manufactured goods, but as well the railroads and steamships used for transporting them.
Transportation During the Industrial Revolution
Britain's road network, which had been relatively primitive prior to industrialization, soon saw substantial improvements, and more than ii,000 miles of canals were in use beyond Britain by 1815.
In the early on 1800s, Richard Trevithick debuted a steam-powered locomotive, and in 1830 similar locomotives started transporting freight (and passengers) betwixt the industrial hubs of Manchester and Liverpool. By that time, steam-powered boats and ships were already in wide use, carrying goods along Britain's rivers and canals also as across the Atlantic.
Communication and Banking in the Industrial Revolution
The latter part of the Industrial Revolution also saw central advances in communication methods, equally people increasingly saw the need to communicate efficiently over long distances. In 1837, British inventors William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patented the first commercial telegraphy organization, even as Samuel Morse and other inventors worked on their own versions in the United States. Cooke and Wheatstone's system would be used for railroad signalling, equally the speed of the new trains had created a need for more than sophisticated ways of communication.
Banks and industrial financiers rose to new prominent during the menstruum, as well as a factory system dependent on owners and managers. A stock exchange was established in London in the 1770s; the New York Stock Commutation was founded in the early 1790s.
In 1776, Scottish social philosopher Adam Smith (1723-1790), who is regarded as the founder of modernistic economics, published The Wealth of Nations. In it, Smith promoted an economic system based on free enterprise, the individual ownership of means of production, and lack of government interference.
Working Conditions
Though many people in Britain had begun moving to the cities from rural areas earlier the Industrial Revolution, this process accelerated dramatically with industrialization, as the rise of large factories turned smaller towns into major cities over the span of decades. This rapid urbanization brought pregnant challenges, as overcrowded cities suffered from pollution, inadequate sanitation and a lack of clean drinking water.
Meanwhile, even every bit industrialization increased economic output overall and improved the standard of living for the center and upper classes, poor and working class people continued to struggle. The mechanization of labor created by technological innovation had made working in factories increasingly tedious (and sometimes dangerous), and many workers were forced to work long hours for pitifully low wages. Such dramatic changes fueled opposition to industrialization, including the "Luddites," known for their violent resistance to changes in Uk's material industry.
In the decades to come, outrage over substandard working and living conditions would fuel the germination of labor unions, also every bit the passage of new child labor laws and public health regulations in both Britain and the The states, all aimed at improving life for working grade and poor citizens who had been negatively impacted by industrialization.
READ More: How the Industrial Revolution Gave Ascent to Violent 'Luddites'
The Industrial Revolution in the United states
The beginning of industrialization in the United states of america is usually pegged to the opening of a textile manufactory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1793 past the recent English immigrant Samuel Slater. Slater had worked at one of the mills opened by Richard Arkwright (inventor of the water frame) mills, and despite laws prohibiting the emigration of fabric workers, he brought Arkwright's designs beyond the Atlantic. He later built several other cotton mills in New England, and became known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution."
The United States followed its own path to industrialization, spurred past innovations "borrowed" from United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland likewise every bit by homegrown inventors like Eli Whitney. Whitney'southward 1793 invention of the cotton fiber gin revolutionized the nation's cotton wool industry (and strengthened the hold of slavery over the cotton-producing Southward).
READ More: How Slavery Became the Economic Engine of the South
By the end of the 19th century, with the and then-called 2nd Industrial Revolution underway, the United States would also transition from a largely agrarian society to an increasingly urbanized one, with all the attendant problems. By the mid-19th century, industrialization was well-established throughout the western function of Europe and America'southward northeastern region. By the early 20th century, the U.S. had go the earth'southward leading industrial nation.
Historians go on to debate many aspects of industrialization, including its exact timeline, why it began in Uk equally opposed to other parts of the world and the idea that information technology was actually more of a gradual evolution than a revolution. The positives and negatives of the Industrial Revolution are complex. On i paw, unsafe working conditions were rife and pollution from coal and gas are legacies we all the same struggle with today. On the other, the move to cities and inventions that fabricated clothing, communication and transportation more affordable and accessible to the masses changed the course of world history. Regardless of these questions, the Industrial Revolution had a transformative economic, social and cultural impact, and played an integral role in laying the foundations for modern society.
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Photo Galleries
Lewis Hine's Photographs Expose Kid Labor
Industrial Inventions
Sources
Robert C. Allen, The Industrial Revolution: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford Academy Press, 2007
Claire Hopley, "A History of the British Cotton fiber Industry." British Heritage Travel, July 29, 2006
William Rosen, The Most Powerful Idea in the Globe: A Story of Steam, Industry, and Invention. New York: Random House, 2010
Gavin Weightman, The Industrial Revolutionaries: The Making of the Mod World, 1776-1914 . New York: Grove Press, 2007
Matthew White, "Georgian Britain: The Industrial Revolution." British Library, Oct xiv, 2009
Source: https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/industrial-revolution
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